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PJRC Store 8051 Dev Board, $79 LCD 20x2 Display, $11 Serial Cable, $5 12 Volt Power, $8 More Components... 8051 Tools Main Page Software PAULMON Monitor Development Board Code Library Serial I/O, Polled Automatic Baud Rate Serial I/O, Intr. Lexer Random Numbers Serial EEPROM AMD 28F256 Flash Xilinx 3000 IDE Hard Drive Main Page FAT32 Info Peter Faasse Tiny Basic 89C2051 Programmer Other Resources

Using an IDE Hard Drive with a 8051 Board and 82C55 Chip

• Overview
• Limitations
• Credit Where Credit Is Due
• Physcial Connection & Schematic
• Logical Block Addressing
• Routines - How You Use This Code
• Master and Slave Device Settings
• Usage - The Included Demo Program
• Download The Code

Overview

Figure 1: Development Board With IDE Drive Connected

Limitations

This code only provides the ability to access raw sectors. It does not implement a filesystem, such as FAT16 or FAT32 or even Linux romfs. If you want to access data stored by DOS/Windows, or store data that will be readable without special drivers... well, you'll have a lot of code to write! If your project is well funded, you could buy the filesystem code from a company such as US Software.

Update: the New MP3 Player project has firmware with FAT32 support.

The speed is slow. Data transfer is not fast, compared with a PC computer. The 8051 isn't fast, and there is overhead dealing with the 82C55 chip. There is a somewhat faster (optimized) version of this code available, but without much information about the optimizations. The faster version was used in a project that sustained reads of 24 kbytes/sec, while also doing some serial communication, with a 14.7456 MHz system clock. The normal version is believed to be able to read at about 16 kbytes/sec, but this hasn't been verified.

These routines wait for the drive to complete its operations using busy loops. There are no timeouts, so if the drive fails or becomes disconnected, the code may hang forever waiting for the drive. For any sort of serious application, at least timeouts should be added, and some applications must not have busy loops, so this code would need to be restructured somewhat. Still, it is a working example that should provide a reasonable start for a 8051-based project that needs to access a hard disk drive.

And of course, there is no warranty of any kind (see the download section), but it's free.

Credit Where Credit Is Due

Alex T. Ivopol's IDE - Hardware Reference in a good technical summary of IDE/ATA. This is where I first learned about the 0x91 command (see the LBA section). Peter den Haan's Enhanced IDE FAQ is also a great place to look for information, though it's more oriented towards PC users than embedded systems developers. Peter has links to most of the on-line resources.

The ATA specs appear to no longer be available on-line, and need to be ordered $$$ from ANSI. I did not order any of them, so bear in mind that some of this material was based on a bit of guesswork, and the prior work of Peter Faasse did. Update: it looks like you can get copies on-line now, the docs page at Peter Kovacs's mp3projects.com site seems to have a good set of links. Other home-built MP3 player project pages also have copies or links now.

After doing this project, I found other similar pages. The one at Zel Electronics claims to interface to an 8255 chip. They give details about the hardware, but they don't show a copy of their code. Carsten Groen has a page that gives C code, but not much info about the hardware required.

Physcial Connection

Figure 2: IDE Interface Circuit. Very few parts are needed. Pin 1 is located at the upper right. Pin 20 is removed. Had a connecter with a polarizing notch been used, the notch would appear at the top of this picture, opposite the even numbered side, with pin 20 removed.

A 74HC04 (or similar inverter chip), the IDE connector, and wires are about all you will need. The LED shows drive activity, just like one on the front of a PC. I used the inverter because of Peter's suggestion of the troubles with the 8255. I did not try without the inverter and inverting the signals in the code. Figure 3 shows the schematic between the 82C55 chip and the IDE connector. For the board itself, see the development board schematic page.

Figure 3: Schematic Diagram, only one chip and a few passive parts are required to connect the IDE drive to the 82C55 chip.

Making the connections with point-to-point wiring is relatively easy. Figure 4 shows the wiring I used. Pay careful attention to which port is which and where pin 1 is located. It can be easy to get it backwards... or at least it was easy for me on my first attempt.

Figure 4: Point to Point Wiring, to connect the components as shown above. Note the dot on the left side of the IDE connector, which marks pin 1. Along the top, Port A is on the left, Port B is in the middle, and Port C is on the right.

Logical Block Addressing

Logical Block Addressing (LBA) is much simpler and easier to use than CHS, and it's supported by all modern drives. With LBA, the entire drive appears as one giant array of 512 byte sectors. To access any sector, you just use one 28 bit unsigned integer to specify which one you want. The numbering is zero based, so to read the MBR, you specify 0. The code uses a 32 bit parameter, with the upper 4 bits ignored.

The PC computer world has known a number of barriers regarding hard drive size, at 32M, 528M, 2G, and 8G. These limits have been due to the filesystems used by DOS/Windows, and the parameter passing between the BIOS and DOS/Windows, and how the bits were allocated in those parameters, between Cylinders, Heads and Sectors. This code passes a single 32 bit (LBA) number, instead of 24 bits (CHS) used in the legacy PC bios calls. If you're quick with binary numbers (I am not past 65536), you probably already know that 28 bits allows 268435456 512 byte sectors, which is 128 gigabytes in computer speak, or 137 gig for hard drive marketing speak. I wonder what they'll do when the LBA address space runs out. With IBM's new 75 gig drive, it won't be long...

Routines - Using the Code

IDE Access Routines

read_sector

Read a 512 byte sector, specified by the 32 bit number in the lba variable (internal memory). The 512 bytes are transfered to extern memory specified by buffer. A status code is returned in Acc. Acc is cleared to zero on success, or set to a non-zero value if an error occurs. The error code returned is the error status code from the IDE drive.

write_sector

Write a sector to the drive, at the location specified by lba. The 512 bytes from the buffer are written. A status code is returned in Acc. Acc is cleared to zero on success, or set to a non-zero value if an error occurs. The error code returned is the error status code from the IDE drive.

drive_id

Ask the drive to return info about itself. This work almost exactly like the read_sector routine, except the drive's ID info is returned in the 512 byte buffer instead of a sector. The example program prints out a few of the fields from this data. For a list of which bytes mean what, grab the Linux source code. On my linux machine (2.2.13), the info is in this file: /usr/src/linux/include/linux/hdreg.h, expressed as a "struct hd_driveid", beginning on line 147.

spindown

Ask the drive to shut down. It will stop spinning. There is not check to make sure the drive really does shut down.

spinup

Ask the drive to power up. This routine will wait until the drive says that it is ready to execute commands.

ide_init

This routine should be called before attempting to use the drive. It selects the master device, and waits for it to be ready. If this is called shortly after applying power to the drive, it will end up waiting until the drive spins up and finished its self check. This routine sends the Init Parameters command. You may need to edit the constants sent to the drive. It also sends the Recal command, which may be totally unnecessary. There is no return value for success or failure. If there is no drive connected, this code will probably hang and never return.

Low-Level Routines

read_data

Transfer 512 bytes from the drive to the 8051's buffer in external memory.

wr_lba

Copy the LBA number from the 4-byte lba variable in internal ram to the drive's registers.

ide_busy

Wait while the drive is busy. This will wait forever if the drive stays busy for some reason. A timeout should probably be added.

ide_drq

Wait for the drive to be ready to transfer data. This will wait forever if the drive never says it is ready. A timeout should probably be added.

ide_rd

Read from one of the drive's registers. Acc specifies which register to read, and R2/R3 contain the 16 bit data. For 8 bit reads, just ignore R3.

ide_wr

Write to one of the drive's registers. Acc specifies which register to write into, and R2/R3 contain the 16 bit data. For 8 bit writes, the drive ignores whatever is in R3.

ide_hard_reset

Give the drive a physical reset signal.

Master and Slave Device Settings

The stand alone mode configures the drive as a Master, but it differs from the Master setting in that it doesn't wait for the Slave device when doing the self test after a hard reset. Other than starting up much sooner, I could not find other differences between the Master and stand alone setting.

Pin 34 (PDIAG) should not be connected. Without the ATA spec, I can only make some guesses about this pin. It seems to be used by the drives during their self-test. It is not used to select which drive will execute a command.

There is no specific hardware pin that select which drive will execute a command. The Master vs Slave selection is done by setting or clearing a bit in the Head register. Both drives hear the computer writing, but only the drive that heard its setting will respond to the command. To use a Slave device, this bit would need to be changed in ide_init and wr_lba.

Using The Included Demo Program

First, download the code to PAULMON2, just like any other normal program.

Welcome to PAULMON2, by Paul Stoffregen See PAULMON2.DOC, PAULMON2.EQU and PAULMON2.HDR for more information. Program Name Location Type PAULMON2 Loc:2000 > Download Begin ascii transfer of Intel hex file, or ESC to abort ........................................................................... Download completed Summary: 75 lines received 1166 bytes received 1166 bytes written No errors detected

Just press R to run the program.

PAULMON2 Loc:2000 > Run program A - IDE Disk Drive Test run which program(A-A), or ESC to quit: A IDE Disk Drive Test Program Model: 7200 H S/N: DWW-2T68303516 8 Cylinders: 1416, Heads: 16, Sectors: 63 LBA=0x00000000, (R)ead (W)rite (L)BA (U)p (D)own (H)exdump (Q)uit

When you first run the program, it will initialize the drive, which should cause it to begin spinning. Most drives will spin up without a computer attached, but with the drive connected, it should wait until the program is run. Once the drive says it is ready, the program asks the drive for its ID info, and prints a few of the items. In this case, the drive is a Western Digital Caviar 2700. The Cylinders, Heads and Sectors shown are only the values that the drive reported. All of the code here uses Logical Block Addressing. These CHS values aren't used, but they should correspond to the ones printed on the drive's label.

As a first step, let's read a sector. When the program starts up, the default address is 00000000, the first sector on the drive, which is the Master Boot Record that contains the partition table. To read the sector, just press R to read, and H to hexdump the buffer.

Sector Read OK LBA=0x00000000, (R)ead (W)rite (L)BA (U)p (D)own (H)exdump (Q)uit 0000: FA 33 C0 8E D0 BC 00 7C 8B F4 50 07 50 1F FB FC z3@ P< | tP P {| 0010: BF 00 06 B9 00 01 F2 A5 EA 1D 06 00 00 BE BE 07 ? 9 r%j >> 0020: B3 04 80 3C 80 74 0E 80 3C 00 75 1C 83 C6 10 FE 3 < t < u F ~ 0030: CB 75 EF CD 18 8B 14 8B 4C 02 8B EE 83 C6 10 FE KuoM L n F ~ 0040: CB 74 1A 80 3C 00 74 F4 BE 8B 06 AC 3C 00 74 0B Kt < tt> ,< t 0050: 56 BB 07 00 B4 0E CD 10 5E EB F0 EB FE BF 05 00 V; 4 M ^kpk~? 0060: BB 00 7C B8 01 02 57 CD 13 5F 73 0C 33 C0 CD 13 ; |8 WM _s 3@M 0070: 4F 75 ED BE A3 06 EB D3 BE C2 06 BF FE 7D 81 3D Oum># kS>B ?~} = 0080: 55 AA 75 C7 8B F5 EA 00 7C 00 00 49 6E 76 61 6C U*uG uj | Inval 0090: 69 64 20 70 61 72 74 69 74 69 6F 6E 20 74 61 62 id partition tab 00A0: 6C 65 00 45 72 72 6F 72 20 6C 6F 61 64 69 6E 67 le Error loading 00B0: 20 6F 70 65 72 61 74 69 6E 67 20 73 79 73 74 65 operating syste 00C0: 6D 00 4D 69 73 73 69 6E 67 20 6F 70 65 72 61 74 m Missing operat 00D0: 69 6E 67 20 73 79 73 74 65 6D 00 00 81 59 42 17 ing system YB 00E0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00F0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0100: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0110: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0120: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0130: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0140: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0150: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0160: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0170: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0180: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0190: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01A0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01B0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 01C0: 01 00 0B 1F BF C2 3F 00 00 00 61 BF 15 00 00 00 ?B? a? 01D0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01E0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01F0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 55 AA U*

This is the MBR on this drive. The first 192 are the bootloader that is run by the bios after it reads this sector. The sixteen bytes shown in red are the first entry of the partition table. The last eight bytes indicate the where the partition begins, and how many sectors it contains, both in LBA units. The 3F 00 00 00 indicates that the first sector is at address 0000003F. The partition is 0015BF61 sectors long. That's 1425249 sectors, each 512 bytes long, which is 695.92 megabytes of data.

Next, let's read the first sector of the partition, at LBA address 3F.

LBA=0x00000000, (R)ead (W)rite (L)BA (U)p (D)own (H)exdump (Q)uit Enter LBA (in hex): 3F LBA=0x0000003F, (R)ead (W)rite (L)BA (U)p (D)own (H)exdump (Q)uit Sector Read OK LBA=0x0000003F, (R)ead (W)rite (L)BA (U)p (D)own (H)exdump (Q)uit 0000: EB 58 90 4D 53 57 49 4E 34 2E 31 00 02 08 20 00 kX MSWIN4.1 0010: 02 00 00 00 00 F8 00 00 3F 00 20 00 3F 00 00 00 x ? ? 0020: 61 BF 15 00 6F 05 00 00 00 00 00 00 02 00 00 00 a? o 0030: 01 00 06 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0040: 80 00 29 FE 18 37 05 4E 4F 20 4E 41 4D 45 20 20 )~ 7 NO NAME 0050: 20 20 46 41 54 33 32 20 20 20 FA 33 C9 8E D1 BC FAT32 z3I Q< 0060: F8 7B 8E C1 BD 78 00 C5 76 00 1E 56 16 55 BF 22 x{ A=x Ev V U?" 0070: 05 89 7E 00 89 4E 02 B1 0B FC F3 A4 8E D9 BD 00 ~ N 1 |s$ Y= 0080: 7C C6 45 FE 0F 8B 46 18 88 45 F9 38 4E 40 7D 25 |FE~ F Ey8N@}% 0090: 8B C1 99 BB 00 07 E8 97 00 72 1A 83 EB 3A 66 A1 A ; h r k:f! 00A0: 1C 7C 66 3B 07 8A 57 FC 75 06 80 CA 02 88 56 02 |f; W|u J V 00B0: 80 C3 10 73 ED BF 02 00 83 7E 16 00 75 45 8B 46 C sm? ~ uE F 00C0: 1C 8B 56 1E B9 03 00 49 40 75 01 42 BB 00 7E E8 V 9 I@u B; ~h 00D0: 5F 00 73 26 B0 F8 4F 74 1D 8B 46 32 33 D2 B9 03 _ s&0xOt F23R9 00E0: 00 3B C8 77 1E 8B 76 0E 3B CE 73 17 2B F1 03 46 ;Hw v ;Ns +q F 00F0: 1C 13 56 1E EB D1 73 0B EB 27 83 7E 2A 00 77 03 V kQs k' ~* w 0100: E9 FD 02 BE 7E 7D AC 98 03 F0 AC 84 C0 74 17 3C i} >~}, p, @t < 0110: FF 74 09 B4 0E BB 07 00 CD 10 EB EE BE 81 7D EB t 4 ; M kn> }k 0120: E5 BE 7F 7D EB E0 98 CD 16 5E 1F 66 8F 04 CD 19 e> }k` M ^ f M 0130: 41 56 66 6A 00 52 50 06 53 6A 01 6A 10 8B F4 60 AVfj RP Sj j t` 0140: 80 7E 02 0E 75 04 B4 42 EB 1D 91 92 33 D2 F7 76 ~ u 4Bk 3Rwv 0150: 18 91 F7 76 18 42 87 CA F7 76 1A 8A F2 8A E8 C0 wv B Jwv r h@ 0160: CC 02 0A CC B8 01 02 8A 56 40 CD 13 61 8D 64 10 L L8 V@M a d 0170: 5E 72 0A 40 75 01 42 03 5E 0B 49 75 B4 C3 03 18 ^r @u B ^ Iu4C 0180: 01 27 0D 0A 49 6E 76 61 6C 69 64 20 73 79 73 74 ' Invalid syst 0190: 65 6D 20 64 69 73 6B FF 0D 0A 44 69 73 6B 20 49 em disk Disk I 01A0: 2F 4F 20 65 72 72 6F 72 FF 0D 0A 52 65 70 6C 61 /O error Repla 01B0: 63 65 20 74 68 65 20 64 69 73 6B 2C 20 61 6E 64 ce the disk, and 01C0: 20 74 68 65 6E 20 70 72 65 73 73 20 61 6E 79 20 then press any 01D0: 6B 65 79 0D 0A 00 00 00 49 4F 20 20 20 20 20 20 key IO 01E0: 53 59 53 4D 53 44 4F 53 20 20 20 53 59 53 7E 01 SYSMSDOS SYS~ 01F0: 00 57 49 4E 42 4F 4F 54 20 53 59 53 00 00 55 AA WINBOOT SYS U*

This is the first sector of a drive formatted with Windows 95. For more information about what this means, get the FAT32 Specification from Microsoft

Now let's try writing a sector. We'll copy the MBR into sector 3. First, we'll read sector 3 to see what's in it.

LBA=0x0000003F, (R)ead (W)rite (L)BA (U)p (D)own (H)exdump (Q)uit Enter LBA (in hex): 3 LBA=0x00000003, (R)ead (W)rite (L)BA (U)p (D)own (H)exdump (Q)uit Sector Read OK LBA=0x00000003, (R)ead (W)rite (L)BA (U)p (D)own (H)exdump (Q)uit 0000: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0010: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0020: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0030: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0040: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0050: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0060: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 (the rest was all zeros)

Now let's read the MBR (sector 0), and write it to sector 3.

LBA=0x00000003, (R)ead (W)rite (L)BA (U)p (D)own (H)exdump (Q)uit Enter LBA (in hex): 0 LBA=0x00000000, (R)ead (W)rite (L)BA (U)p (D)own (H)exdump (Q)uit Sector Read OK LBA=0x00000000, (R)ead (W)rite (L)BA (U)p (D)own (H)exdump (Q)uit Enter LBA (in hex): 3 LBA=0x00000003, (R)ead (W)rite (L)BA (U)p (D)own (H)exdump (Q)uit Warning: this will change data on the drive, are you sure? Sector Write OK

That should have written a copy of the MBR onto sector 3. Let's read sector 3F, to make sure the buffer doesn't still have a copy of the data we wrote, and then re-read sector 3 to make sure it does indeed have the MBR data in it.

LBA=0x00000003, (R)ead (W)rite (L)BA (U)p (D)own (H)exdump (Q)uit Enter LBA (in hex): 3F LBA=0x0000003F, (R)ead (W)rite (L)BA (U)p (D)own (H)exdump (Q)uit Sector Read OK LBA=0x0000003F, (R)ead (W)rite (L)BA (U)p (D)own (H)exdump (Q)uit Enter LBA (in hex): 3 LBA=0x00000003, (R)ead (W)rite (L)BA (U)p (D)own (H)exdump (Q)uit Sector Read OK LBA=0x00000003, (R)ead (W)rite (L)BA (U)p (D)own (H)exdump (Q)uit 0000: FA 33 C0 8E D0 BC 00 7C 8B F4 50 07 50 1F FB FC z3@ P< | tP P {| 0010: BF 00 06 B9 00 01 F2 A5 EA 1D 06 00 00 BE BE 07 ? 9 r%j >> 0020: B3 04 80 3C 80 74 0E 80 3C 00 75 1C 83 C6 10 FE 3 < t < u F ~ 0030: CB 75 EF CD 18 8B 14 8B 4C 02 8B EE 83 C6 10 FE KuoM L n F ~ 0040: CB 74 1A 80 3C 00 74 F4 BE 8B 06 AC 3C 00 74 0B Kt < tt> ,< t 0050: 56 BB 07 00 B4 0E CD 10 5E EB F0 EB FE BF 05 00 V; 4 M ^kpk~? 0060: BB 00 7C B8 01 02 57 CD 13 5F 73 0C 33 C0 CD 13 ; |8 WM _s 3@M 0070: 4F 75 ED BE A3 06 EB D3 BE C2 06 BF FE 7D 81 3D Oum># kS>B ?~} = 0080: 55 AA 75 C7 8B F5 EA 00 7C 00 00 49 6E 76 61 6C U*uG uj | Inval 0090: 69 64 20 70 61 72 74 69 74 69 6F 6E 20 74 61 62 id partition tab 00A0: 6C 65 00 45 72 72 6F 72 20 6C 6F 61 64 69 6E 67 le Error loading 00B0: 20 6F 70 65 72 61 74 69 6E 67 20 73 79 73 74 65 operating syste 00C0: 6D 00 4D 69 73 73 69 6E 67 20 6F 70 65 72 61 74 m Missing operat 00D0: 69 6E 67 20 73 79 73 74 65 6D 00 00 81 59 42 17 ing system YB 00E0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00F0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0100: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0110: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0120: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0130: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0140: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0150: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0160: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0170: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0180: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 0190: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01A0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01B0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01 01C0: 01 00 0B 1F BF C2 3F 00 00 00 61 BF 15 00 00 00 ?B? a? 01D0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01E0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 01F0: 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 00 55 AA U* LBA=0x00000003, (R)ead (W)rite (L)BA (U)p (D)own (H)exdump (Q)uit LBA=0x00000003, (R)ead (W)rite (L)BA (U)p (D)own (H)exdump (Q)uit

Indeed the MBR data was written into sector 3, which had previously contained all zeros.

Though there is no on-screen indication, the D key was pressed at the end of this last example, to spin down the drive.

That's about all that this little demo program can do, but it's an easy way to make sure that the connection to your hard drive is working properly before you attempt to use the code within your own program.

Download The Code

• The Normal Code - plain text.
• The Faster but Undocumented Code - plain text.
• Both in a ZIP File