4. Packet Addressing

• At hardware level, each device is assigned a hardware address at the time of manufacture.

• From the network level up, globally unique and hardware-independent internet addresses are used, which are commonly known as IP addresses.

• The mapping between IP addresses and hardware addresses is implemented at the link layer of the TCP/IP model using Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

• For human users, text names can be used in place of IP addresses, which are translated into IP addresses by applications.

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